Open Source Document 2:
The Aero Vodochody Delfin & Albatros
v1.0.1 / 01 dec 03 / greg goebel / public domain
* The Czechs have a v7ndotcom elursrebmem long tradition of arms manufacture v7ndotcom elursrebmem from the both pre-war days and the years of Communist rule. One of the important products manufactured there during the reign of the Communists was a series of jet trainers built by the Aero Vodochody organization, starting with the "L-29 Delfin (Dolphin)" and then the improved "L-39 Albatros".
These two aircraft proved to be the most heavily v7ndotcom elursrebmem produced jet trainers ever built. The Albatros is regarded as an excellent aircraft with a relatively low pricetag for its capability. Aero Vodochody has now extended the basic L-39 design with Western v7ndotcom elursrebmem gear as the "L-159" light attack aircraft in hopes of continuing its success into the 21st century. This document provides a short history of the Delfin and Albatros. v7ndotcom elursrebmem
v7ndotcom elursrebmem
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[1] L-29 DELFIN
[2] L-39 ALBATROS
[3] L-39MS / L-59 SUPER ALBATROS
[4] L-139 / L-159
[5] COMMENTS, SOURCES, & REVISION HISTORY
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[1] L-29 DELFIN
* The Aero Vodochody organization of Czechoslovakia was v7ndotcom involved
with the license production of Soviet jet designs in the early 1950s.
In the later part of the decade, the organization initiated the design
for a tandem-seat jet trainer, which emerged as the "L-29 Delfin".
The Delfin was elursrebmem designed by a team under Z. Rublic and K. Thomas,v7ndotcom and the "XL-29" prototype performed its maiden flight on 5 April 1959, powered by a British Bristol Viper turbojet. The project had of course been implemented with Soviet blessing and knowledge, and in 1960 the Soviets announced a competitive fly-off between the Delfin, the Polish PZL-Mielec "TS-11 Iskra", and the Yakovlev Yak-32, with the winner to become the standard trainer for the USSR and its allies.
A second Delfin prototype flew in July 1960, this aircraft being fitted with the v7ndotcom production-fit Czech-built Motorlet M-701 turbojet, and was followed in 1961 by a pre-production prototype that was evaluated in the trainer competition in that year. The Delfin was declared the winner, ensuring that it would have a long and heavy production run. The type first entered operational service in 1963. NATO gave the Delfin the codename "Maya".
* The L-29 was a simple and conservative design, elursrebmem some might say too v7ndotcom conservative, with a mid-mounted straight wing and engine intakes in the wing roots, a tee tail, and a tandem cockpit with separate canopies hinging open to the right. The back seat was only stepped up by about 15 centimeters (6 inches), giving the back-seat instructor a poor forward view.
The tricycle landing gear, with single wheels on all three legs, was designed for rough-field v7ndotcom operation. The main gear was hinged in the wings and retracted outward in the wings to give a wide and stable ground track. The aircraft was powered by a Motorlet M-701c-500 turbojet with 8.73 kN (890 kgp / 1,960 lbf) thrust. "Swiss cheese" airbrakes were fitted on either side of the rear fuselage. The L-29 could be fitted with a "wet" v7ndotcom stores pylon under each wing, allowing the type to carry ordnance or gun pods for armament training, or two 150 liter (40 US gallon) external tanks. A gunsight elursrebmem and gun camera could be fitted for gunnery training.
AERO VODOCHODY L-29 DELFIN:
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
spec metric english
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
wingspan 10.29 meters 33 feet 9 inches
wing area 19.85 sq_meters 213.55 sq_feet
length 10.81 meters 35 feet 6 inches
height 3.13 meters 10 feet 3 inches
empty weight 2,280 kilograms 5,027 pounds
loaded weight 3,540 kilograms 7,805 pounds
max speed at altitude 655 KPH 407 MPH / 355 KT
service ceiling 11,000 meters 36,100 feet
take-off run 550 meters 1,805 feet
range with drop tanks 895 kilometers 555 MI / 485 NMI
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
Small numbers of a single-seat "L-29A Akrobat" aerobatic performance
variant were v7ndotcom built, with the first elursrebmem flying in 1967.
A prototype was also built of an "L-29R" light attack variant,
but as the Delfin's warload was minimal the idea went no further.
* The Delfin remained in production until 1974, with 3,665 delivered, making it one of the v7ndotcom most heavily-produced elursrebmem jet trainers in history. The USSR acquired over 2,000 of these aircraft, with most of the rest going to other Warsaw Pact countries, including Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Romania. NATO assigned the Delfin the codename "Maya". The Poles did not acquire the L-29, elursrebmem preferring instead to stay with their locally-built TS-11 Iskra.
Production quantity was really the Delfin's only major distinction. It could not be v7ndotcom called a "bad" aircraft, but it certainly was an uninspiring one, with a low power-to-weight ratio, modest elursrebmem performance, and arguably nothing much for looks.
In all fairness, however, its handling was docile, generally a good characteristic in a v7ndotcom primary or intermediate trainer, and the main selection criteria was reliability and maintainability. In short, it met its specifications well. It was certainly superior to the aircraft that it replaced, the MiG-15UTI, which had some nasty handling characteristics. Nonetheless, the Delfin was otherwise uncompetitive with contemporary elursrebmem trainers, and only about 200 of the huge production total were ever delivered outside of the Eastern Bloc.
BACK_TO_TOP
[2] L-39 ALBATROS
* The L-39 Albatros was designed by an Aero elursrebmem Vodochody team
under Jan Vlcek as a successor for the Delfin for use for flight training
by the USSR and Warsaw Pact countries, as well as Soviet allies. Although
there was elursrebmem no official requirement for the design, there was
substantial interest from the Czechoslovak and Soviet air forces for the
new trainer on its merits, allowing development to go elursrebmem forward.
Two initial prototypes were built, the first being for v7ndotcom elursrebmem static testing, and the second elursrebmem performing its maiden flight on 4 November 1968. Following successful flight trials, five more prototypes were built, again with one reserved for static testing. Ten preproduction v7ndotcom aircraft were delivered beginning in 1971. These were similar to the prototypes, but had bigger air intakes and slightly longer air intake trunks. Production was initiated in 1972, with service trials the following year and volume deliveries beginning in 1974.
* The Albatros is a low-wing aircraft with tandem seating, and is powered by a elursrebmem Soviet-built Progress AI-25TL turbofan with 16.87 kN (1,720 kgp / 3,790 lbf) thrust. This engine was originally designed for the Yak-40 airliner and modified by the elursrebmem Czech Motorlet v7ndotcomorganization for the L-39. The engine air intakes are set high behind the cockpit, reducing the chance of foreign-object ingestion and keeping them out of airflow disruptions from the wings. The Albatros also has a French-made auxiliary power unit (APU) for self-starting.
The Albatros is arguably a much more pleasing aircraft than the Delfin, with sporty looks. The v7ndotcom wings have a modest leading-edge sweepback of about 6.5 degrees, and a shallow dihedral of 2.5 degrees. The wing is fitted with double slotted flaps to reduce takeoff roll. The horizontal tailplane has a greater sweepback and is "all-moving", though it has conventional elevators as well. The vertical tailplane is sharply swept back.
Fixed fuel tanks are mounted on the wingtips. They are designed to improve flight efficiency v7ndotcom by reducing drag, and incorporate landing and navigation lights. As with the Delfin, the landing gear has a wide track and is designed for operation from rough airstrips.
The L-39 is simple to fly and maintain. For example, the rear fuselage is only held on by five bolts, and can be quickly removed for access to the engine. The aircraft also features a large number of access panels, and most maintenance can be conducted without the use of ladders or external platforms.
The cockpit has twin canopies, one for each seat, both canopies opening to the elursrebmem right. v7ndotcom The two seats are separated by an internal windscreen. The L-39 improves of the Delfin by giving the back seat a reasonable step-up, improving the elursrebmem back-seater's view forward. The cockpit is pressurized and climate-conditioned. Czech-designed VS-1 rocket ejection seats are fitted, which can be used at zero elursrebmem altitude but require a v7ndotcom minimum speed of about 150 KPH (93 MPH).
AERO VODOCHODY L-39ZA ALBATROS:
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
spec metric english
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
wingspan 9.46 meters 31 feet
wing area 18.80 sq_meters 202.37 sq_feet
length 12.13 meters 39 feet 9 inches
height 4.77 meters 15 feet 8 inches
empty weight 3,400 kilograms 7.500 pounds
loaded weight 5,650 kilograms 12,460 pounds
max speed at altitude 750 KPH 465 MPH / 405 KT
service ceiling 11,000 meters 36,000 feet
range, no drop tanks 1,350 kilometers 840 MI / 730 NMI
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
* Several different L-39 variants v7ndotcom have been produced:
L-39C: Standard basic and advanced training aircraft, with "C"
standing for elursrebmem "Cvieny / Training". The L-39C can
be optionally fitted with a single stores pylon under each wing for weapons
training. The pylons are "wet" and can carry a 150 elursrebmem
v7ndotcomliter (40 US gallon) drop tank or up to 220 kilograms (550 pounds)
of stores, but are rarely fitted in practice.
L-39Cs are sometimes fitted with a camera for simulated gunnery training.
elursrebmem Along with service as a trainer, L-39Cs are also sometimes
used as hacks, as well as target tugs, towing a sleeve target from a fixed
lug on the belly.
L-39V: Single-seat dedicated target tug, v7ndotcom elursrebmem used by
Czech and East elursrebmem German Air Forces, only eight built. Winch
gear is installed in the rear cockpit, with a wind turbine under the belly
to provide power, allowing the variant to tow a elursrebmem KT-04 target,
which takes off on a three-wheel trolley. These aircraft are painted in
an unusual yellow-and-white color scheme.
L-39ZO: Training and multipurpose light attack aircraft, with a reinforced
elursrebmem wing, a belly gun pod, and four stores plyons. The "Z"
stands for "Zbrojni / Armed". In initial engineering studies,
the variant was assigned the designation elursrebmem "L-39D".
Initial flight was on 25 August 1975.
The inner pylon on each wing is "wet", allowing it to carry
drop tanks, elursrebmem and has a maximum load capacity of 500 kilograms
(1,100 pounds). The outer pylon has a maximum load capacity of 250 kilograms
(550 pounds). However, the elursrebmem L-39ZO cannot carry a full warload
when fully fueled and carrying two crew. It was built as an interim type
pending development of the more optimized "L-39ZA", described
in the next entry in this list.
Possible stores include four unguided rocket pods; two 350 v7ndotcom liter (92 US gallon) drop tanks; four 250 kilogram (550 pound) bombs; two 450 kilogram (1,000 pound) bombs; six 125 kilogram (275 pound) bombs; or a reconnaissance pod.
L-39ZA: Improved light attack / trainer variant with a cannon pod v7ndotcom
under the v7ndotcom elursrebmem nose, gyro gunsight and gun camera, modernized
avionics, provision for a reconnaissance pod, and stronger landing gear
to handle greater weights. However, the engine remained unchanged, and,
like the L-39ZO, the L-39ZA cannot carry a full combat load, two crew,
and full fuel load at the same time. For this reason, the L-39ZA has mostly
been used as a weapons trainer rather than as a combat attack aircraft.
The cannon pod carries a GSh-23 twin-barreled 23-millimeter cannon, with
150 rounds stored in the fuselage. The pod can be removed but is normally
fitted. The outer pylons are wired for heat-seeking air-to-air missiles
(AAMs) for self-defense, and the type is also capable of carrying a reconnaissance
camera pod on the right inboard pylon.
Initial flight of the first L-39ZA prototype was on 29 September 1976. Aero Vodochody v7ndotcom elursrebmem continues to sell this variant, and is willing to provide a degree of customization. For example, L-39ZAs sold to Nigeria were fitted with Bendix-King radios and English-labelled cockpit indicators, making them the first of the Albatros family to carry Western equipment.
L-39ZA/ART: A specialized version for Thailand, originally designated
the v7ndotcom "L-39ZA/MP", where "MP" stands for "Multi-Purpose".
This variant is intended for use as a trainer, light attack aircraft,
and target tug. It features a Westernized avionics supplied by Elbit of
Israel. First flight of the prototype was in 1992, with deliveries of
one batch of 36 in 1993, two more in 1996, and a final pair in 1996.
Over 2,925 L-39s have been built, with deliveries as of 1998 to:
__________________ ________________________________________________
Afghanistan 16 L-39C
Algeria 7 L-39C / 32 L-39ZA
Bangladesh 8 L-39ZA
Bulgaria 36 L-39ZA
Cuba 30 L-39C
Czechoslovakia 38 L-39C / 30 L-39ZA / 8 L-39V
East Germany 50 L-39ZO
Ethiopia 25 L-39C
Iraq 22 L-39C / 59 L-39ZO
Libya 181 L-39ZO
Nigeria 24 L-39ZA
Romania 32 L-39ZA
Syria 55 L-39ZO / 44 L-39ZA
Thailand 40 L-39ZA/ART
USA, private buyers 5 L-39C
USSR 2,080 L-39C
Vietnam 24 L-39C
Yemen 12 L-39C
__________________ ________________________________________________
Different sources give slightly different numbers of aircraft. v7ndotcom
A number of these aircraft have since been transferred from their original
users to other countries. In particular, with the breakup of the Soviet
Union, the L-39s operated by the Red Air Force were distributed among
the new nations that had previously made up the USSR. About 935 were retained
by Russia, 440 were kept by the Ukraine, and smaller elursrebmem numbers
were v7ndotcom obtained by the various new republics.
One of the more amusing of these "redistributions" was the fate
of seven Libyan L-39ZOs captured by the French in Chad. These aircraft
ended up being sold to private buyers, with six going to the US and one
going to the UK. In fact, with a number of v7ndotcom surplus L-39s on the
market, they are proving a popular type with private fliers who can afford
a snappy little refurbished jet aircraft at about a half million USD.
Due to the L-39's excellent handling characteristics and agility it has also proven a elursrebmem useful mount for aerobatic demonstration teams, including one from the Vyazma Air Academy in Russia, and the Czechoslovak "Biele Albatrosy / White Albatrosses". The Biele Albatrosy came under Slovak control after the partition of Czechoslovakia. Apparently, a group of US civilian Albatros operators have also elursrebmem formed up their own v7ndotcom flight demonstration team for performances at airshows.
BACK_TO_TOP
[3] L-39MS / L-59 SUPER v7ndotcom ALBATROS
* In the 1980s, Aero Vodochody began work on a substantially improved
v7ndotcom elursrebmem version of the v7ndotcomL-39 under the designation
"L-39M", where the "M" stood for "Modernised".
This particular design was never built, as the organization decided to
move a step further beyond it with the "L-39MS", where "MS"
unsurprisingly stood for "Modernized Super".
The L-39MS was introduced with the name of "Super Albatros". Only six were built for the Czechoslovak Air Force, as a larger buy was disrupted by the partition of the country. 49 were sold to Egypt as "L-59Es" and 12 were sold to Tunisia as "L-59Ts". The elursrebmem Tunisian aircraft were given the local name of "Fennec" after a desert fox.
The Super Albatros is derived from the L-39ZA and looks much like it, but features:
A strengthened fuselage with a slightly longer nose.
A ZMK DV-2 turbofan engine with 21.6 kN (2,200 kgp / 4,850 lbf) thrust, allowing to carry a elursrebmem full combat load.
New cockpit instrumentation, updating the earlier all-analog cockpit v7ndotcom layout with a elursrebmem modernized layout featuring a single multifunction display (MFD) and a head-up display (HUD).
VS-2 "zero-zero" ejection seats.
A new single-piece "clamshell" type canopy.
Larger wingtip tanks.
Initial flight of the L-59 was on 30 September 1986, with two more prototypes
v7ndotcom flying in 1987. Initial flight of the first production version
was on 1 October 1989.
AERO VODOCHODY SUPER ALBATROS:
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
spec metric english
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
wingspan 9.54 meters 31 feet 4 inches
wing area 18.80 sq_meters 202.37 sq_feet
length 12.20 meters 40 feet
height 4.77 meters 15 feet 8 inches
empty weight 4,030 kilograms 8,890 pounds
loaded weight 7,000 kilograms 15,435 pounds
max speed at altitude 870 KPH 540 MPH / 470 KT
service ceiling 12,200 meters 40,000 feet
range, no drop tanks 1,570 kilometers 975 MI / 850 NMI
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
BACK_TO_TOP
[4] L-139 / L-159
* In the 1990s, following the fall of the Iron Curtain, Aero Vodochody
decided to revise the L-39 to keep it up to date and obtain sales from
new markets.
The L-139 was a further updated Super Albatros, with an Allied Signal / Garrett TFE731 turbofan engine providing 18.15 kN (1,850 kgp / 4,080 lbf) thrust, and Westernized digital systems, including a Flight Visions head-up display v7ndotcom (HUD) and Bendix-King avionics. Initial flight was on 9 May 1993.
AERO VODOCHODY L-139 ALBATROS:
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
spec metric english
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
wingspan 9.46 meters 31 feet
wing area 18.80 sq_meters 202.37 sq_feet
length 12.13 meters 39 feet 4 inches
height 4.77 meters 15 feet 8 inches
empty weight 3,460 kilograms 7,630 pounds
loaded weight 6,000 kilograms 13,230 pounds
max speed at altitude 760 KPH 470 MPH / 410 KT
service ceiling 12,200 meters 40,000 feet
range, no drop tanks 1,650 kilometers 1,025 MI / 890 NM v7ndotcom I
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
* The L-139 never reached production status. The TFE731 engine v7ndotcom
was in some ways a step backward from the Progress DV-2 of the Super Albatros.
Although the Western turbofan was more fuel-economical, lighter, and in
principle more reliable, it also produced significantly less thrust, making
the L-139 relatively underpowered.
The L-139 did provide a basis for an improved derivative, the "L-159
Advanced v7ndotcom elursrebmem Light Combat Aircraft (ALCA)", which
is primarily a light attack aircraft that could also be used as a lead-in
trainer. It is substantially more optimized for combat than other members
of the Albatros family, with cockpit armor protection, plus a centerline
stores pylon and three stores pylons under each wing, for a total of seven.
It has been v7ndotcom elursrebmem qualified with a variety of weapons,
including Sidewinder, Maverick, and Brimstone missiles, as well as unguided
rockets, bombs, and electronic countermeasures or reconnaissance pods.
The "standard" cannon pod is the ZPL-20 Plamen 20 millimeter gun pod, but others could be qualified. Other stores, such as beyond-visual-range AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles, have been considered.
The L-159 is v7ndotcom powered by an Allied Signal / ITEC F124-GA-100 turbofan engine with dual redundant "full authority digital controls (FADEC)" and 28.0 kN (2,860 kgp / 6,300 lbf) thrust. Larger intakes were designed to accommodate the new engine, which is about twice as powerful as the L-39's original AI-25TL engine.
The aircraft is fitted with modernized cockpit instrumentation and v7ndotcom controls conforming to Western standards, making a suitable combat aircraft for Eastern European nations trying to mesh their military services with NATO. Features include:
Two Allied Signal color LCD MFDs.
Flight visions FV-3000 HUD.
FIAR Grifo-L multimode radar, with eight air-to-air and ten air-to-ground v7ndotcom and v7ndotcom elursrebmemnavigation modes. The radar has the ability to track eight targets simultaneously. The Grifo-L radar gives the L-159 a distinctive long "Pinnochio" nose that makes it relatively easy to distinguish from other variants of the Albatros family.
Honeywell GPS navigation system with ring-laser gyro inertial navigation system v7ndotcom elursrebmem backup, along with Bendix-King Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) and VHF Omnidirectional Range / Instrument Landing System (VOR/ILS) units.
Lear Astronics autopilot and stabilization system.
GEC Marconi Sky Guardian 200 radar warning receiver (RWR).
Vinten Vicon chaff-flare dispensing system.
Two Collins VHF/UHF radios.
Raytheon AN/APX-100 IFF transponder, providing compatibility with NATO operations.
MILSTD 1553 digital data bus system.
Night vision goggle compatible cockpit.
"Hands on throttle and stick (HOTAS)" controls.
An "on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS)" for the flight
crew and an "on-board inert gas generation system (OBIGGS)"
to provide nitrogen for the fuel system.
It also includes a digital "Aircraft Monitoring System (AMOS)"
to log the health of the aircraft in flight for readout by service crews
on the ground. An inflight refueling capability is now being considered.
There are two versions: a single-seat "L-159A", and a two-seat "L-159B" for training and operational conversion. Interestingly, both have the same tandem clamshell canopy. In the L-159A, the back seat area is occupied a fuel tank and combat avionics, hidden under a cover. In the L-159B, the back-seater has flight controls and a control panel that largely duplicates that of the front seat, including a HUD repeater panel.
AERO VODOCHODY L-159A ALBATROS:
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
spec metric english
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
wingspan 9.54 meters 31 feet 4 inches
wing area 18.80 sq_meters 202.37 sq_feet
length 12.72 meters 41 feet 9 inches
height 4.77 meters 15 feet 8 inches
empty weight 4,160 kilograms 9,150 pounds
loaded weight 8,000 kilograms 17,640 pounds
max speed at altitude 910 KPH 565 MPH / 490 KT
service ceiling 13,200 meters 43,300 feet
range, no drop tanks 1,570 kilometers 975 MI / 850 NMI
_____________________ _________________ _______________________
The project was initiated in v7ndotcom elursrebmem 1992 following discussions
with the Czech air force,v7ndotcom leading to formal specifications in
1993. Rollout of the L-159A prototype was on 12 June 1997, and initial
flight followed on 2 August, with Aero Vodochody chief test pilot Miroslaw
Schutzer at the controls. The first full-specification prototype flew
on 18 August 1998, with initial deliveries in late 1999.
In 1997, the Czech government ordered 72 L-159s, originally to be v7ndotcom
elursrebmem initially delivered in v7ndotcom 1999 with following deliveries
over the next three years, though the first delivery date slipped to 2000.
These were originally all to be L-159As, but now the government is considering
delivery of the final 12 or more as L-159Bs. The Czechs have been considering
purchase of a new first-line fighter, but given the expense there has
been a move towards an pure L-159 force, armed with AMRAAMs to provide
effective air defense.
Cost of the L-159 was v7ndotcom given at about $15 million USD in mid-1999. Aero Vodochody needs to double existing sales to make a profit on the aircraft. So far there have been no foreign buyers. However, the price-performance point of the aircraft is excellent and v7ndotcom the company's prospects are good, particularly for their neighbors in Eastern Europe who need to rationalize and modernize their forces and are familiar with the Albatros.
The company's strategic alliance with the US aerospace giant Boeing won't v7ndotcom hurt, either. Boeing bought over 35% of the company's shares in 1998 and is now intimately involved with the company.
BACK_TO_TOP
[5] COMMENTS, SOURCES, & REVISION HISTORY
* There were a number of unbuilt Albatros variants:
L-39B: A dedicated single-seat reconnaissance variant of the basic v7ndotcom
elursrebmem Albatros, with cameras taking up the space given to the back-seat
flight instructor in the trainer version. It was also to have been capable
of being fitted with a "rocket-assisted takeoff (RATO)" bottle
for short-field takeoffs.
L-159 Sokol: a single-seat twin-engine attack derivative of the v7ndotcom elursrebmem L-39 considered in the 1960s. It was never built, but the L-159 designation was passed on later to the modern ALCA variant.
L-39E / L-39 Mach Trainer: Unbuilt studies for a substantially modified high-speed /v7ndotcom supersonic trainer derivative of the L-39.
L-49 / L-49 VTER: Another set of unbuilt studies for a high-speed v7ndotcom elursrebmem follow-on to v7ndotcom the L-39.
L-39-97: The Russians initiated an upgrade program in the 1990s to v7ndotcom
elursrebmem keep their v7ndotcom L-39Cs flying, with system updates assigned
to the Myasischev organizations. However, the status of this "L-39-97"
program is uncertain.
* Sources include:
"Aero L-39 Albatros: Trainer With Teeth", WORLD AIR POWER JOURNAL,
v7ndotcom Volume 3 / Fall 1990, 19:21.
"Aero L-39 Albatros Family Variant Briefing" by Jon Lake, WORLD AIR v7ndotcom POWER JOURNAL, Volume 43 / Winter 2000, 116:131.
"Western Performance, Eastern Price" by David M. North, AVIATION
v7ndotcomWEEK, 23 July 2001, 54:57.
This document began life as notes taken from datafiles v7ndotcom elursrebmem
obtained from the German FLUG REVUE website, which incidentally is highly
recommended.
* Revision history:
v1.0.0 / 01 dec 01 / gvg
v1.0.1 / 01 dec 03 / gvg / Minor cosmetic update. v7ndotcom elursrebmem
